LOWEST COST ISN’T ALWAYS THE ANSWERLower tariffs and new markets openi traduzione - LOWEST COST ISN’T ALWAYS THE ANSWERLower tariffs and new markets openi Italiano come dire

LOWEST COST ISN’T ALWAYS THE ANSWER

LOWEST COST ISN’T ALWAYS THE ANSWER
Lower tariffs and new markets opening to foreign investment have complicated the decision about how manufacturing should be organized, says Nikki Tait

Visit any western toy superstore, and most of the basic products will say “Made in China” or, perhaps, Malaysia or Indonesia. Until, that is, you reach the Lego section. Suddenly, the boxes are more likely to identify Denmark, Switzerland or the US as the country of origin.
It might seem logical that a global company, selling into a multitude of country markets and measuring its market share in global terms, should place production facilities wherever costs are lowest. But Lego, the privately-owned Danish company, has for years concentrated its manufacturing in Europe and the US, arguing that this best satisfies design and quality requirements. For Lego the notion of cost is only a small part of the production picture.
So how does a global company go about organising its manufacturing network? The decision has become more complicated over the past two decades due to a number of factors. On the one hand, trade barriers across much of the world have declined sharply. Simultaneously, a range of new markets - notably in Asia and Eastern Europe - has opened to foreign investment.
This has made global production much more possible. But it has also reduced the need for many overseas plants. Markets that previously demanded local production facilities-because tariff levels made importing far too expensive - can now be supplied from other countries.
Plainly, in this newly-liberalised environment, basic manufacturing costs do become more significant. But there are limits to a purely cost-driven approach. Many companies have built their current production structure through acquisitions over a number of years, rather than in a planned way.
Another problem is that costs themselves can be subject to rapid change, making today's Indonesia, for example, tomorrow's Hong Kong. This adds a further dimension to any global company's investment decision-making. The reality is that manufacturing businesses also need to think: how quickly can we pull the plug?
Some companies have addressed this issue through what is called the “part configuration” model. This involves selecting a number of regional manufacturing bases which are viewed as longer-term investments, and augmenting them with lower-skilled assembly plants, which can more easily be moved between markets.
The availability of suitable employees also needs to be examined when investment decisions are being made. There may be close links between manufacturing and product innovation and if too much focus is put on low-cost assembly operations, product innovation tends to suffer.
Perhaps the hottest topic is whether a global company needs to be a producer at all. Outsourcing of production to other suppliers gives a company more flexibility, and fits well with a global strategy. A business may be better placed to supply differentiated products into different regional markets, and it can probably adjust more swiftly to changing cost considerations. These operational advantages come in addition to the financial benefits of outsourcing, such as lower capital employed.
But there can be pitfalls. Perhaps no company exemplifies the outsourcing trend better than Nike, the sports shoe group. On paper, its strategy of subcontracting the production of its shoes to local factories looks eminently sensible. But these arrangements have turned into a public relations disaster in recent years, as human rights campaigners have complained of “sweatshop” conditions in many of the Asian plants producing Nike products. Lack of ownership, it seems, does not bring freedom from responsibility.
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LOWEST COST ISN’T ALWAYS THE ANSWERLower tariffs and new markets opening to foreign investment have complicated the decision about how manufacturing should be organized, says Nikki TaitVisit any western toy superstore, and most of the basic products will say “Made in China” or, perhaps, Malaysia or Indonesia. Until, that is, you reach the Lego section. Suddenly, the boxes are more likely to identify Denmark, Switzerland or the US as the country of origin.It might seem logical that a global company, selling into a multitude of country markets and measuring its market share in global terms, should place production facilities wherever costs are lowest. But Lego, the privately-owned Danish company, has for years concentrated its manufacturing in Europe and the US, arguing that this best satisfies design and quality requirements. For Lego the notion of cost is only a small part of the production picture. So how does a global company go about organising its manufacturing network? The decision has become more complicated over the past two decades due to a number of factors. On the one hand, trade barriers across much of the world have declined sharply. Simultaneously, a range of new markets - notably in Asia and Eastern Europe - has opened to foreign investment.This has made global production much more possible. But it has also reduced the need for many overseas plants. Markets that previously demanded local production facilities-because tariff levels made importing far too expensive - can now be supplied from other countries.Plainly, in this newly-liberalised environment, basic manufacturing costs do become more significant. But there are limits to a purely cost-driven approach. Many companies have built their current production structure through acquisitions over a number of years, rather than in a planned way.Another problem is that costs themselves can be subject to rapid change, making today's Indonesia, for example, tomorrow's Hong Kong. This adds a further dimension to any global company's investment decision-making. The reality is that manufacturing businesses also need to think: how quickly can we pull the plug?Some companies have addressed this issue through what is called the “part configuration” model. This involves selecting a number of regional manufacturing bases which are viewed as longer-term investments, and augmenting them with lower-skilled assembly plants, which can more easily be moved between markets.The availability of suitable employees also needs to be examined when investment decisions are being made. There may be close links between manufacturing and product innovation and if too much focus is put on low-cost assembly operations, product innovation tends to suffer.Perhaps the hottest topic is whether a global company needs to be a producer at all. Outsourcing of production to other suppliers gives a company more flexibility, and fits well with a global strategy. A business may be better placed to supply differentiated products into different regional markets, and it can probably adjust more swiftly to changing cost considerations. These operational advantages come in addition to the financial benefits of outsourcing, such as lower capital employed.But there can be pitfalls. Perhaps no company exemplifies the outsourcing trend better than Nike, the sports shoe group. On paper, its strategy of subcontracting the production of its shoes to local factories looks eminently sensible. But these arrangements have turned into a public relations disaster in recent years, as human rights campaigners have complained of “sweatshop” conditions in many of the Asian plants producing Nike products. Lack of ownership, it seems, does not bring freedom from responsibility.
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Più basso costo non è sempre la risposta
delle tariffe più basse e nuovi mercati si aprono per gli investimenti esteri hanno complicato la decisione su come la produzione dovrebbe essere organizzata, dice Nikki Tait Visita qualsiasi giocattolo superstore occidentale, e la maggior parte dei prodotti di base dirà "Made in China" o, forse, la Malesia o l'Indonesia. Fino a quando, cioè, si raggiunge la sezione di Lego. Improvvisamente, le scatole sono più propensi a identificare la Danimarca, la Svizzera o gli Stati Uniti come paese di origine. Potrebbe sembrare logico che una società globale, che vende in una moltitudine di mercati di paesi e misurare la propria quota di mercato in termini globali, dovrebbe posizionare impianti di produzione ovunque i costi sono più bassi. Ma Lego, la società danese privata, ha per anni concentrato la sua produzione in Europa e negli Stati Uniti, sostenendo che questo migliori esigenze soddisfa design e qualità. Per Lego la nozione di costo è solo una piccola parte del quadro produttivo. Così come fa una società globale di fare per organizzare la sua rete di produzione? La decisione è complicato negli ultimi due decenni a causa di una serie di fattori. Da un lato, le barriere commerciali in gran parte del mondo hanno registrato un forte calo. Allo stesso tempo, una serie di nuovi mercati - in particolare in Asia e in Europa orientale -. Ha aperto agli investimenti stranieri Ciò ha reso la produzione globale molto più possibile. Ma ha anche ridotto la necessità di molte piante d'oltremare. I mercati che in precedenza richiedevano produttivi locali strutture, perché i livelli tariffari messi a importare troppo costoso - possono essere forniti da altri paesi. Chiaramente, in questo ambiente di recente liberalizzato, i costi di produzione di base diventano più significativo. Ma ci sono dei limiti a un approccio puramente costo-driven. Molte aziende hanno costruito la loro struttura produttiva corrente attraverso acquisizioni per un certo numero di anni, piuttosto che in modo pianificato. Un altro problema è che i costi stessi possono essere soggetti a rapidi cambiamenti, rendendo l'Indonesia di oggi, ad esempio, di domani Hong Kong. Questo aggiunge una dimensione ulteriore di decisioni d'investimento qualsiasi azienda globale. La realtà è che le aziende manifatturiere devono anche pensare: quanto velocemente possiamo staccare la spina Alcune aziende hanno affrontato la questione attraverso quello che viene chiamato il modello "configurazione parte". Ciò comporta la selezione di un numero di basi di produzione regionali, che sono visti come investimenti a lungo termine, e aumentando con impianti di assemblaggio meno qualificati, che possono essere più facilmente spostati tra i mercati. La disponibilità dei dipendenti idonei deve anche essere esaminato quando le decisioni di investimento sono stati fatti. Ci possono essere stretti legami tra la produzione e l'innovazione di prodotto e se troppa attenzione viene messa in operazioni di assemblaggio a basso costo, l'innovazione di prodotto tende a soffrire. Forse l'argomento più caldo è se una società globale ha bisogno di essere un produttore a tutti. Outsourcing della produzione ad altri fornitori dà una società una maggiore flessibilità, e si adatta bene con una strategia globale. Un business può essere in una posizione migliore per fornire prodotti differenziati in diversi mercati regionali, e probabilmente può regolare più rapidamente alle mutevoli considerazioni di costo. Questi vantaggi operativi si aggiungono ai benefici finanziari di outsourcing, come il capitale basso impiegato. Ma ci possono essere insidie. Forse nessuna azienda esemplifica la tendenza all'outsourcing meglio di Nike, il gruppo di scarpa sportiva. Sulla carta, la strategia di subappalto della produzione dei suoi scarpe a fabbriche locali appare del tutto ragionevole. Ma questi accordi hanno trasformato in un disastro di pubbliche relazioni negli ultimi anni, come gli attivisti per i diritti umani si sono lamentati delle condizioni "sweatshop" in molte delle piante asiatiche che producono prodotti Nike. La mancanza di proprietà, a quanto pare, non porta la libertà dalla responsabilità.











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